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	<title>Comments on: Selection bias and bombers</title>
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	<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/</link>
	<description>The blog of John D. Cook</description>
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		<title>By: On Bias and Statistics &#171; Tropewell</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-118002</link>
		<dc:creator>On Bias and Statistics &#171; Tropewell</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2011 20:59:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-118002</guid>
		<description>[...] Via The Endeavor [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Via The Endeavor [...]</p>
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		<title>By: On Bias and Statistics &#171; Tropewell</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-109958</link>
		<dc:creator>On Bias and Statistics &#171; Tropewell</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 16:52:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-109958</guid>
		<description>[...] The Endeavor  35.189758 -80.841029  Advertisement   Eco World Content From Across The Internet.    Featured on [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] The Endeavor  35.189758 -80.841029  Advertisement   Eco World Content From Across The Internet.    Featured on [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Brian&#8217;s Links 20 October 2011: Carnivory, Science, and Art &#171; TheMoralMindfield</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-109192</link>
		<dc:creator>Brian&#8217;s Links 20 October 2011: Carnivory, Science, and Art &#171; TheMoralMindfield</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2011 13:42:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-109192</guid>
		<description>[...] bias and WWII bombers. Where should we armor these shot up bombers? Wherever there are no holes… Follow the link to understand the [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] bias and WWII bombers. Where should we armor these shot up bombers? Wherever there are no holes… Follow the link to understand the [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Selection Bias and WWII Bombers &#124; ≈42</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-107654</link>
		<dc:creator>Selection Bias and WWII Bombers &#124; ≈42</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 13:25:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-107654</guid>
		<description>[...] The Endeavor Share this:FacebookEmail    Tagged with: bombers &#8226; Selection bias &#8226; world war II &#8226; [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] The Endeavor Share this:FacebookEmail    Tagged with: bombers &bull; Selection bias &bull; world war II &bull; [...]</p>
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		<title>By: DiSH lab blog &#187; Blog Archive &#187; A neat science riddle &#8211; can you solve it?</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-105593</link>
		<dc:creator>DiSH lab blog &#187; Blog Archive &#187; A neat science riddle &#8211; can you solve it?</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2011 20:44:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-105593</guid>
		<description>[...] neat science riddle &#8211; can you solve it?by Dr. T  Category: Fun  From the Endeavour by way of Marginal Revolution, who says: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] neat science riddle &#8211; can you solve it?by Dr. T  Category: Fun  From the Endeavour by way of Marginal Revolution, who says: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help [...]</p>
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		<title>By: More on Democratic Consolidation and Time &#171; Dart-Throwing Chimp</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-105148</link>
		<dc:creator>More on Democratic Consolidation and Time &#171; Dart-Throwing Chimp</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 Sep 2011 11:46:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-105148</guid>
		<description>[...] and the prospects for regime survival. (For a classic illustration of selection bias at work, see here.)    LD_AddCustomAttr(&quot;AdOpt&quot;, &quot;1&quot;); LD_AddCustomAttr(&quot;Origin&quot;, &quot;other&quot;); [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] and the prospects for regime survival. (For a classic illustration of selection bias at work, see here.)    LD_AddCustomAttr(&quot;AdOpt&quot;, &quot;1&quot;); LD_AddCustomAttr(&quot;Origin&quot;, &quot;other&quot;); [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Suzie</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-104315</link>
		<dc:creator>Suzie</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:40:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-104315</guid>
		<description>Wait, so what were the final results? Did a higher %age of bombers come back after the fleet was fitted with the armor in Wald&#039;s recommended areas?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wait, so what were the final results? Did a higher %age of bombers come back after the fleet was fitted with the armor in Wald&#8217;s recommended areas?</p>
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		<title>By: British World War II Bombers &#8211; An Example of Why I love Economics &#171; Portrait of the Economist as a Young Man</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-104237</link>
		<dc:creator>British World War II Bombers &#8211; An Example of Why I love Economics &#171; Portrait of the Economist as a Young Man</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2011 00:21:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-104237</guid>
		<description>[...] http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/ [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] <a href="http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/" rel="nofollow">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/</a> [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Visa</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-104061</link>
		<dc:creator>Visa</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Sep 2011 09:12:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-104061</guid>
		<description>I thought that was beautiful, and something that should be a part of basic education for everybody. How many decisions are poorly made because of the problem of silent evidence? This plagues everything from our social lives to government policy, and as a species it&#039;s about time we got over this.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I thought that was beautiful, and something that should be a part of basic education for everybody. How many decisions are poorly made because of the problem of silent evidence? This plagues everything from our social lives to government policy, and as a species it&#8217;s about time we got over this.</p>
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		<title>By: Can selection bias shoot down an argument? &#171; The Melbourne Urbanist</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103881</link>
		<dc:creator>Can selection bias shoot down an argument? &#171; The Melbourne Urbanist</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Sep 2011 07:59:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103881</guid>
		<description>[...] Tabarrok at Marginal Revolution recently provided a pointer to this great historical example by John D. Cook of the importance of selection bias. It isn’t specifically related to urban [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Tabarrok at Marginal Revolution recently provided a pointer to this great historical example by John D. Cook of the importance of selection bias. It isn’t specifically related to urban [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Selection Effects &#171; Marc Gawley</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103512</link>
		<dc:creator>Selection Effects &#171; Marc Gawley</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 2011 10:04:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103512</guid>
		<description>[...] here&#8217;s a good article on World War 2, regarding selection bias and aircraft design. An engineer was asked to inspect aircraft returning from battle over a period of time, and to come [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] here&#8217;s a good article on World War 2, regarding selection bias and aircraft design. An engineer was asked to inspect aircraft returning from battle over a period of time, and to come [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Statistics in a time of war &#124; Blog of Leonid Mamchenkov</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103497</link>
		<dc:creator>Statistics in a time of war &#124; Blog of Leonid Mamchenkov</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 2011 07:40:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103497</guid>
		<description>[...] John D. Cook shares this interesting piece of history: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to their bombers. After analyzing the records, he recommended adding more armor to the places where there was no damage! [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] John D. Cook shares this interesting piece of history: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to their bombers. After analyzing the records, he recommended adding more armor to the places where there was no damage! [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Selection effects &#187; Manlyisms</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103457</link>
		<dc:creator>Selection effects &#187; Manlyisms</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 2011 01:36:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103457</guid>
		<description>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Alfredo</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103353</link>
		<dc:creator>Alfredo</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Sep 2011 10:12:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103353</guid>
		<description>Thanks. This is good stuff as teaching material.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks. This is good stuff as teaching material.</p>
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		<title>By: The Spamlist! &#187; The Importance of Selection Effects</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103246</link>
		<dc:creator>The Spamlist! &#187; The Importance of Selection Effects</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2011 18:41:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103246</guid>
		<description>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Thinking Statistically &#124; Delightfully Distinctive COLRS</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103241</link>
		<dc:creator>Thinking Statistically &#124; Delightfully Distinctive COLRS</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2011 18:09:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103241</guid>
		<description>[...] Selection Bias and Bombers [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Selection Bias and Bombers [...]</p>
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		<title>By: John Thacker</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103227</link>
		<dc:creator>John Thacker</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2011 15:40:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103227</guid>
		<description>Alfredo:

&lt;a HREF=&quot;http://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/0204320000.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Here&#039;s a reprint of one of his papers on the subject&lt;/A&gt;, and &lt;a HREF=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/pss/2288257&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;here&#039;s another source.&lt;/A&gt;

However, while I&#039;ve heard this story many time before, I had not heard it claimed that he did this for the British, but rather for the US Navy.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Alfredo:</p>
<p><a HREF="http://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/0204320000.pdf" rel="nofollow">Here&#8217;s a reprint of one of his papers on the subject</a>, and <a HREF="http://www.jstor.org/pss/2288257" rel="nofollow">here&#8217;s another source.</a></p>
<p>However, while I&#8217;ve heard this story many time before, I had not heard it claimed that he did this for the British, but rather for the US Navy.</p>
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		<title>By: Rafael</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103226</link>
		<dc:creator>Rafael</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2011 15:31:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103226</guid>
		<description>Wald, Abraham. (1943). A Method of Estimating Plane Vulnerability Based on Damage of Survivors.

http://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/0204320000.pdf</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wald, Abraham. (1943). A Method of Estimating Plane Vulnerability Based on Damage of Survivors.</p>
<p><a href="http://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/0204320000.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/0204320000.pdf</a></p>
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		<title>By: The Importance of Selection Effects &#171; Daniel J. Smith</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103221</link>
		<dc:creator>The Importance of Selection Effects &#171; Daniel J. Smith</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2011 15:11:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103221</guid>
		<description>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</p>
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		<title>By: The Importance of Selection Effects — Marginal Revolution</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-103220</link>
		<dc:creator>The Importance of Selection Effects — Marginal Revolution</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2011 15:01:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-103220</guid>
		<description>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] love this example of the importance of selection effects: During WWII, statistician Abraham Wald was asked to help the British decide where to add armor to [...]</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>By: Alfredo</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-67838</link>
		<dc:creator>Alfredo</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Feb 2011 21:08:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-67838</guid>
		<description>Can you cite the source of this excellent example?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Can you cite the source of this excellent example?</p>
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		<title>By: Eugene</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-67821</link>
		<dc:creator>Eugene</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Feb 2011 19:24:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-67821</guid>
		<description>Thanks, interesting story!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks, interesting story!</p>
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		<title>By: Speedmaster</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-54147</link>
		<dc:creator>Speedmaster</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Dec 2010 15:53:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-54147</guid>
		<description>Fantastic example.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Fantastic example.</p>
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		<title>By: John</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-28002</link>
		<dc:creator>John</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 05:48:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-28002</guid>
		<description>Ling, I think the random firing assumption was justified at the time, given the state of technology. The standard error may have been larger than the size of an airplane.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ling, I think the random firing assumption was justified at the time, given the state of technology. The standard error may have been larger than the size of an airplane.</p>
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		<title>By: Ling</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-27919</link>
		<dc:creator>Ling</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 21:09:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-27919</guid>
		<description>So is the assumption of random firing justified?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So is the assumption of random firing justified?</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>By: Best early blog posts &#8212; The Endeavour</title>
		<link>http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/comment-page-1/#comment-13138</link>
		<dc:creator>Best early blog posts &#8212; The Endeavour</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Feb 2009 16:59:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/01/21/selection-bias-and-bombers/#comment-13138</guid>
		<description>[...] Musicians, drunks, and Oliver Cromwell The law of small numbers (part 1, part 2, part 3) Selection bias and bombers [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] Musicians, drunks, and Oliver Cromwell The law of small numbers (part 1, part 2, part 3) Selection bias and bombers [...]</p>
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