Symbols have a variety of names, some functional, some historical, some humorous. For example, #
might be called “number sign”, “octothorpe”, “fence,” etc. You can find an extensive list here.
Below is my abbreviated and idiosyncratic list, terms I use instinctively that may require some explanation.
! bang | pipe # pound ` back tick ^ caret, exponent _ underscore, subscript \ back slash, escape / (forward) slash [ open (square) bracket ] close (square) bracket { open (curly) brace } close (curly) brace